Policy Papers

History & Policy papers are written by expert historians, based on peer-reviewed research. They offer historical insights into current policy issues ranging from Afghanistan and Iraq, climate change and internet surveillance to family dynamics, alcohol consumption and health reforms. For historians interested in submitting a paper, please see the editorial guidelines.

Currently, 252 papers are freely searchable by theme, author or keyword, with new papers published regularly. Where possible, we publish papers to coincide with relevant policy developments. If you are a policy maker, civil society practitioner or journalist and would like to contact one of our historians, please contact [email protected].

You can download H&P policy papers directly from the Apple iBooks store to your iPhone, iPad or Mac. We also have an Amazon Kindle version to download to your PC for transfer to your Kindle via USB cable. Please consult your Kindle manual for further details.


Vaccine Hesitancy and ‘BAME’ Populations

Dr Gareth Millward
March 2021

Public health authorities need to understand the specific reasons for ‘vaccine hesitancy’ among BAME communities – but they should also not ignore public health measures that have worked historically in building the high levels of trust in vaccination currently enjoyed in the United Kingdom.

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The West needs to appreciate how the protest movement in Belarus has been shaped by the Soviet past

Dr Natalya Chernyshova
March 2021

Any engagement strategies on the part of the West in the current crisis in Belarus must take into account the lasting importance of Soviet legacy in shaping contemporary social and political attitudes there.

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The virtues of decentralisation for health services in crisis

Michael Lambert
February 2021

The experience of health provision during the Second World War suggests that proper decentralisation is a virtue in the development of service capacity and state building. The desire of the centre to control everything results in extended lines of communication and inapposite top-down solutions.

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How medieval revolts help us understand modern mass protest

Andrew Prescott, Adrian R. Bell, Anne Curry, Helen Lacey
December 2020

The out-dated notion of the “madness of crowds” persists in modern commentary on protest. Historians working on the People of 1381 project show how investigating historic protestors and their motives can strengthen policy and policing response today.

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‘Adapting the machine’: welfare policy after World War One and Covid-19

Michael Robinson
October 2020

Public sympathy put pressure on politicians of the 1920s and 1930s to make exceptional provision for veteran disability welfare – could the same be true of social policy more widely in the post-Covid world, asks Michael Robinson.

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Florence Nightingale’s Public Health Act, Covid-19 and the empowerment of local government

Hugh Small
October 2020

The nation's health turned a corner in the 1870s thanks to public health measures campaigned for by Nightingale, and implemented by well-financed Local Authorities. Hugh Small argues that it is this, rather than her hospital practice, that should inform our response to the pandemic.

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The historical case for a federative Britain

Kirsteen M. MacKenzie
September 2020

England and Scotland as independent sovereign nations within a federative union? Kirsteen M. MacKenzie explores a possible seventeenth-century model.

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Should we abandon external exams for sixteen-year-olds? Strategic considerations from the 1940s

Andrew Watts
September 2020

Andrew Watts reviews a 1940s attempt to abolish public external exams (like today's GSCEs and A-levels) and move to an internal examination model within schools. Especially in the light of events over the summer of 2020, is it time to revisit this debate?

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Foodbank Histories: solidarity and mutual aid in the past and the present

Alison Atkinson-Phillips, Silvie Fisch, Graham Smith, Jack Hepworth
July 2020

Policy makers can derive important lessons from this oral history of mutual aid, formal and informal, gathered at Newcastle West End Foodbank by Alison Atkinson-Phillips and colleagues.

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The economic consequences of plague: lessons for the age of Covid-19

Guido Alfani
June 2020

Guido Alfani traces the long-term effects of previous pandemics, and finds that a region's starting conditions are key to economic outcomes – and some consequences are still with us 600 years after the Black Death.

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About Us


H&P is based at the Institute of Historical Research, Senate House, University of London.

We are the only project in the UK providing access to an international network of more than 500 historians with a broad range of expertise. H&P offers a range of resources for historians, policy makers and journalists.